Erika Sekti Putri Kinasih

The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. An example is "I have eaten" (so I'm not hungry). Depending on the specific language, the events described by present perfects are not necessarily completed, as in "I have been eating" or "I have lived here for five years."
The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in many other languages, meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. For example, in modern English, it is formed by combining a present-tense form of the auxiliary verb "to have" with the past participle of the main verb. In the above example, "have" is the auxiliary verb, whereas the past participle "eaten" is the main verb. The two verbs are sometimes labeled "V1" and "V2" in grammar instruction.
Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense begini:
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya: Have/has + S + V3
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.
Nah, setelah Subject (S) maka pakai “have” atau “has” sesuai pasangannya. Have dalam konteks ini artinya adalah: sudah, telah, barusan. Yang aneh dalam bahasa inggris Have + ES bukan Haves tetapi HAS. Jadi pasangannya begini:
He, She, It, John, Merry, Mufli : Has
You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have
Contoh Present Perfect Tense
Positif: She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
Negatif: She has not gone
Tanya: Has She gone?
Ingat, bukan She has go, bukan pula She has going, tidak pula She has goes. “Go” itu adalah kata kerja yang bentuk ketiganya adalah “gone”. Urutan perubahan bentuk kata kerja untuk Go adalah: Go-went-gone.
Contoh lainnya:
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes
-You have read my lesson since 2 PM
Perhatikan perubahan kata kerja:
Write – wrote – written (berubah)
Read – read – read (lah kok sama? haha..)
Saya ulangi
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes.
Artinya:
Saya telah menulis pelajaran bahasa inggris selama 30 menit.
Dalam kalimat diatas, ditekankan “telah” nya itu dan sekarang sudah beres, sudah tidak lagi menulis. Tetapi jika penekanan Anda pada “30 menit yang lalunya” maka Anda gunakan Past Tense yang lebih cocok.
Contoh lainnya lagi, kalimat positif:
-I have cleaned the floor
-He has drunk milk
-You have just broken the glass
Gimana kalimat negatifnya? He has not drunk milk! Anda coba yang dua lagi ya.
Kalimat Tanya dalam Present Perfect Tense ya tinggal dibalik mawon sesuai rumus diatas tadi. Ingat jangan lupa pasangannya untuk “Have” dan “Has”.
-Has She drunk milk?

The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. An example is "I have eaten" (so I'm not hungry). Depending on the specific language, the events described by present perfects are not necessarily completed, as in "I have been eating" or "I have lived here for five years."
The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in many other languages, meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. For example, in modern English, it is formed by combining a present-tense form of the auxiliary verb "to have" with the past participle of the main verb. In the above example, "have" is the auxiliary verb, whereas the past participle "eaten" is the main verb. The two verbs are sometimes labeled "V1" and "V2" in grammar instruction.
Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense begini:
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya: Have/has + S + V3
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.
Nah, setelah Subject (S) maka pakai “have” atau “has” sesuai pasangannya. Have dalam konteks ini artinya adalah: sudah, telah, barusan. Yang aneh dalam bahasa inggris Have + ES bukan Haves tetapi HAS. Jadi pasangannya begini:
He, She, It, John, Merry, Mufli : Has
You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have
Contoh Present Perfect Tense
Positif: She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
Negatif: She has not gone
Tanya: Has She gone?
Ingat, bukan She has go, bukan pula She has going, tidak pula She has goes. “Go” itu adalah kata kerja yang bentuk ketiganya adalah “gone”. Urutan perubahan bentuk kata kerja untuk Go adalah: Go-went-gone.
Contoh lainnya:
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes
-You have read my lesson since 2 PM
Perhatikan perubahan kata kerja:
Write – wrote – written (berubah)
Read – read – read (lah kok sama? haha..)
Saya ulangi
-I have written english lesson for 30 minutes.
Artinya:
Saya telah menulis pelajaran bahasa inggris selama 30 menit.
Dalam kalimat diatas, ditekankan “telah” nya itu dan sekarang sudah beres, sudah tidak lagi menulis. Tetapi jika penekanan Anda pada “30 menit yang lalunya” maka Anda gunakan Past Tense yang lebih cocok.
Contoh lainnya lagi, kalimat positif:
-I have cleaned the floor
-He has drunk milk
-You have just broken the glass
Gimana kalimat negatifnya? He has not drunk milk! Anda coba yang dua lagi ya.
Kalimat Tanya dalam Present Perfect Tense ya tinggal dibalik mawon sesuai rumus diatas tadi. Ingat jangan lupa pasangannya untuk “Have” dan “Has”.
-Has She drunk milk?

The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb). It is sometimes called the uterine cervix. The body of the uterus (the upper part) is where a baby grows. The cervix connects the body of the uterus to the vagina (birth canal). The part of the cervix closest to the body of the uterus is called the endocervix. The part next to the vagina is the exocervix (or ectocervix). The 2 main types of cells covering the cervix are squamous cells (on the exocervix) and glandular cells (on the endocervix). The place where these 2 cell types meet is called the transformation zone. Most cervical cancers start in the transformation zone Most cervical cancers begin in the cells lining the cervix. These cells do not suddenly change into cancer. Instead, the normal cells of the cervix first gradually develop pre-cancerous changes that turn into cancer. Doctors use several terms to describe these pre-cancerous changes, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), and dysplasia. These changes can be detected by the Pap test and treated to prevent the development of cancer (see "Can cervical cancer be prevented?").

Cervical cancers and cervical pre-cancers are classified by how they look under a microscope. There are 2 main types of cervical cancers: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. About 80% to 90% of cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers are from the squamous cells that cover the surface of the exocervix. Under the microscope, this type of cancer is made up of cells that are like squamous cells. Squamous cell carcinomas most often begin where the exocervix joins the endocervix.

Most of the other cervical cancers are adenocarcinomas. Cervical adenocarcinomas seem to have becoming more common in the past 20 to 30 years. Cervical adenocarcinoma develops from the mucus-producing gland cells of the endocervix. Less commonly, cervical cancers have features of both squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. These are called adenosquamous carcinomas or mixed carcinomas.

Although cervical cancers start from cells with pre-cancerous changes (pre-cancers), only some of the women with pre-cancers of the cervix will develop cancer. The change from cervical pre-cancer to cervical cancer usually takes several years, but it can happen in less than a year. For most women, pre-cancerous cells will go away without any treatment. Still, in some women pre-cancers turn into true (invasive) cancers. Treating all pre-cancers can prevent almost all true cancers. Pre-cancerous changes and specific types of treatment for pre-cancers are discussed in the sections, "How are cervical cancers and pre-cancers diagnosed?" and "Treating pre-cancers and other abnormal Pap test results."

Pre-cancerous changes are separated into different categories based on how the cells of the cervix look under a microscope. These categories are discussed in the section, "How are cervical cancers and pre-cancers diagnosed?"

Although almost all cervical cancers are either squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas, other types of cancer also can develop in the cervix. These other types, such as melanoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma, occur more commonly in other parts of the body.

This document discusses the more common cervical cancer types, and will not further discuss these rare types.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),[1][2] a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (perinatal transmission). Screening of blood products for HIV has largely eliminated transmission through blood transfusions or infected blood products in the developed world.

HIV infection in humans is considered pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Nevertheless, complacency about HIV may play a key role in HIV risk.[3][4] From its discovery in 1981 to 2006, AIDS killed more than 25 million people.[5] HIV infects about 0.6% of the world's population.[5] In 2009, AIDS claimed an estimated 1.8 million lives, down from a global peak of 2.1 million in 2004.[6] Approximately 260,000 children died of AIDS in 2009.[6] A disproportionate number of AIDS deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth and increasing poverty.[7] In 2005, it was estimated that HIV would infect 90 million people in Africa, resulting in a minimum estimate of 18 million orphans.[8] Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection.[9] Although antiretroviral medication is still not universally available, expansion of antiretroviral therapy programmes since 2004 has helped to turn the tide of AIDS deaths and new infections in many parts of the world.[6] Intensified awareness and preventive measures, as well as the natural course of the epidemic, have also played a role. Nevertheless, an estimated 2.6 million people were newly infected in 2009.[6]

HIV infects primarily vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[10] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through three main mechanisms: First, direct viral killing of infected cells; second, increased rates of apoptosis in infected cells; and third, killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.

Most untreated people infected with HIV-1 eventually develop AIDS.[11] These individuals mostly die from opportunistic infections or malignancies associated with the progressive failure of the immune system.[12] HIV progresses to AIDS at a variable rate affected by viral, host, and environmental factors; most will progress to AIDS within 10 years of HIV infection: some will have progressed much sooner, and some will take much longer.[13][14] Treatment with anti-retrovirals increases the life expectancy of people infected with HIV. Even after HIV has progressed to diagnosable AIDS, the average survival time with antiretroviral therapy was estimated to be more than 5 years as of 2005.[15] Without antiretroviral therapy, someone who has AIDS typically dies within a year.[16]

Illegal Logging in Indonesia
by Faith Doherty, Environmental Investigation Agency

In Indonesia illegal logging is a massive problem that has resulted in undermining the rule of law and substantial revenues to the state. It encourages forest crimes, and has serious economic and social implications to the poor and disadvantaged. The threat to ecosystems and biodiversity is enormous with very little long-term advantages for anyone other than those who are responsible for the plunder and smuggling of timber from one country to the next.

In August 1999, the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Indonesian partners Telapak released a report in Jakarta called The Final Cut, exposing the commercial logging of Tanjung Putting National Park in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.

We found that the main timber species being exploited in the park for global markets is ramin (Gonystylus spp.) a tropical hardwood that grows in peat swamp and the lowland fresh water swamp forests in Borneo, Sumatra and Peninsula Malaysia. It is traded internationally for a range of products including interior mouldings, furniture components, picture frames, and dowels. The Final Cut and the EIA/Telapak campaign exposed names, gave evidence with footage and stills, and to this date continues to investigate and monitor not just the commercial logging of Tanjung Putting, but the illegal trade which allows this timber to be sold onto international markets.

By focussing on a single commercial tree species the workings of the illegal logging and trade in this area has been revealed. From the gangs of illegal loggers controlled by middle men, to the politicians and military who profit directly from illegal activities; Tanjung Putting National Park has become a test case for the Government of Indonesia (GOI) in how it is willing to combat illegal logging, and the trafficking of illegal timber for international consuming markets.

Indonesia's timber that is stolen from the country's forests finds it way on to the international market either directly or through neighbouring states, especially Malaysia and Singapore where the timber is successfully laundered and sent onto the US, Europe, Japan, Taiwan and Mainland China marketplace.

After two years of further investigations by EIA/Telapak and local partner NGOs and a revealing insight into how these crimes were being committed, the Government of Indonesia (GOI) acted and finally showed some political will to deal with the situation. In April 2001, a ministerial decree was issued to place a temporary moratorium on the cutting and trading of this threatened species. Following the decree the secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) was notified that Indonesia was placing its ramin on Appendix 111 of CITES with a zero quota. By doing this the GOI is asking for international support and is now placing some of the responsibility for ramin timber theft on importing countries. Consuming countries are now bound by their national CITES legislation to prevent imports of Indonesian ramin with the exception of Diamond Raya Timber, a company controversially certified in Spring 2001. This is the only international legally binding instrument that the GOI could use to help start to protect its forest in Tanjung Putting. There are no other laws that exist that address the trade in illegally sourced timber and its consumption to this date.

On August 17th, 2001 the Malaysian CITES management authority notified the secretariat that they would be taking an exemption on the ramin listing for its parts and products. By doing this Malaysia is acting against the spirit of the treaty and undermining Indonesia's call for help to protect ramin. Malaysia does not need to make a reservation in order to continue to export ramin - as long as it has been legally cut within the country. In spite of this, the listing does not prevent Malaysia from exporting its ramin parts and products.

Following the registering of ramin and a new Indonesian President, in early August a new Minister for Forests was appointed. Until this time there had been no real steps made in actively pursuing the timber barons both in Indonesia and neighbouring countries who are involved in the running and supply of timber for syndicates with businesses that feed the consuming markets overseas. Although ramin had been placed on Appendix three the issue of enforcement and accountability within Indonesia was still being avoided.

In September 2001, the Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG), East Asia Ministerial Conference was held in Bali, Indonesia. 150 participants from 20 countries were involved representing government, NGOs, and the private sector. Singapore and Malaysia did not attend. The result was an unprecedented commitment from Government ministers from around the East Asia region to take action in combating "Forest Crimes" that include illegal logging, the trafficking of illegal timber, parts and products, and the trade in illegal imports. Other consuming countries also attended including the USA, UK, Japan and China and agreed to the declaration. It was acknowledged and openly discussed that at the centre of this problem was corruption, which existed not just within governments but within the industry as well.

Two months after FLEG, Indonesian forest law enforcers and the Indonesian Navy seized three cargo ships allegedly transporting illegal timber to international markets from Central Kalimantan in Indonesia to China. The ships were detained together with Captain and crew to the navy depot in Jakarta and are to date still interned. While investigations continue it is estimated that the shipping companies are loosing approximately US$10,000 a day. The broker involved in providing the illegal timber has lost his commodity and the importer its goods. A small but significant signal is being sent to shipping companies that Indonesia is now prepared to seize and hold timber that is being traded illegally.

It is hard to believe that the issue of legality has not been openly addressed until now. With these commitments made by the governments of the East Asia region the industry must also participate in ensuring the resources they are involved in buying and selling, come from legal sources. There is an urgent need for new legislation prohibiting the import and sale of illegally sourced timber and products. The laundering of illegal timber is in itself a massive commerce benefiting only those who control the syndicates; criminal elements within the trade must be confronted.

Governments need to develop new procurement policies that demonstrate timber and wood products have come from legal sources, industry needs to adopt transparent chain of custody processes which allows timber tracking from source to market. Producing countries need to formalise a system of cross border cooperation between national enforcement authorities, and to enact legislation allowing the confiscation of illegal timber and those dealing in it outside the country of origin. These are some of the recommendations that EIA/Telapak see as being essential first steps in combating illegal logging and the trade. And at the core of it all is corruption recognized by 13 countries in the region with a commitment to act, with industry and civil society involved illegality can be fully addressed.

1) Direct :     --John (phoning from the station), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”
    Indirect :   --John says that he is trying to get a taxi.
2) Direct :     --Siska says,” The sun rises every morning.”
    Indirect :   --Siska says that the sun rises every morning
3) Direct :     -- He said, ‘I have lost my umbrella.’
    Indirect :   --He said (that) he had lost his umbrella
4) Direct :     --Eri says “The sunset every afternoon”
     Indirect :  --Eri says that the sunset every afternoon
5) Direct :     -- Ineke says”The moon every night”
   Indirect :     --Ineke says that the moon every night

It was Friday afternoon when I got a chanve to interview two of the BSB members (AJ and Howie) at the Fairmont Hotel Singapore. BSB was scheduled to launch their new album called This Is Us at the beginning of October, with a marvelous single “Straight to My Heart (Soldier Down)”. BSB, who has actually been in the international music industry for about 16 years, is back with their renewed energy.









Howie : For me probably the best tour is Black and Blue.






BSB : We were there many, many years ago doing promo but we never actually did a proper tour there. Well, we do have a plan for this new album, but we don’t have the exact date yet for the entire tuoring. But we definitely want to come back to Indonesia.

It’s good know that as one of the famous boy bands the world, BSB can still hold their own as these days boy bands are getting out-of-fashion. Let’s hope that someday they’ll be back to Indonesia !!