Erika Sekti Putri Kinasih: Maret 2011

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04.08 |

Anasazi

Mesa Verde is the center of the prehistoric Anasazi culture. It is located in the high plateau lands near Four Corners, where Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona come together. This high ground is majestic but not forbidding. The climate is dry out tiny streams trickle at the bottom of deppy cut canyons, where seeps and springs provided water for the Anasazi to irrigate their crops. Rich red soil provided fertile ground for their crops of corn, beans, squash, tobacco, and cotton. The Anasazi domesticated the wild turkey and hunter deer, rabbits, and mountain sheep.

For a thousand years the Anasazi lived around Mesa Verde. Although the Anasazi are not related to the Navajos. No one knows what these Indians called themselves and so they are commonly referred to by their Navajo name, Anasazi, which means “ancient ones” in the Navajo language.

Around 550 A.D,, early Anasazi – then a nomadic people archaeologists call the Basketmakers – began constructing permanent homes on mesa tops. In the next 300 years, the Anasazi made rapid technological advancements, including the refinement of not only basket making but also pottery – making and weaving. This phase of development is referred to as the Early Pueblo Culture.

By the Great Pueblo Period (1100-1300 A.D,,) , the Anasazi population swelled to more than 5,000 and the architecturally ambitious cliff dwellings came into being. The Anasazi moved from the mesa tops onto ledges on the steep canyon walls, creating two – and there – story dwellings. They used sandstone blocks and mud mortar. There were no doors on the first floor and people used ladders to reach the first roof. All the villages had underground chambers called kivas . Men held tribal councils there and also used them for secret religious ceremonies and clan meetings. Winding paths. Ladders, and steps cut into the stone led from the valleys below to the ledges on which the villages stood. The largest settlement contained 217 rooms. One might surmise that these dwellings were built for protection, but the Anasazi had no known enemies and there is no sign of conflict.

But a bigger mystery is why the Anasazy occupied these structures such a short time. By 1300, Mesa Verde was deserted. It is conjectured that the Anasazi abandoned their settlements because of drought, overpopulation, crop failure, or some combination of these. They probably moved southward and were incorporated into the pueblo villages that the Spainsh explorers encountered 200 years later. Their descendants still live in the Southwest.

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The Little Match - Seller

03.10 |

By Hans Christian Andersen

It was terribly cold and nearly dark on the last evening of the old year, and the snow was falling fast. In the cold and the darkness, a poor little gorl, with bare head and naked feet, roamed through the streets. It is true she had on a pair of slippers when she left home, but they were not of much use. They were very large, so large, indeed, that they had belonged to her mother, and the poor little creature had lost them in running across the street to avoid two carriages that were rolling along at a terrible rate. One of the slippers she could not find, and a boy seized upon the other and ran away with it, saying that he could use it as a cradle, when he had children of his own. So the little girl went on with her little naked feet, which were quite red and blue with the cold.

In a old apron she carried a number of matches, and had a bundle of them in her hands. No one had bought anything from her the whole day, nor had any one given here even a penny. Shivering with cold and hunger, she crept along. Poor little child, she looked the picture of misery. The snowflakes fell on her long, fair hair, which hung on curls on her shoulders, but she regarded them not.

Lights were shining from every window, and there was a savory smell of roast goose, for it was New Year’s Eve- yes, she remembered that. In a corner, between two houses, one of which projected beyond the other, she sank down and huddled herself together. She had drawn her little feet under her, but she could not keep off the cold. She dared not go home, for she had sold no matches, and could not take home even a penny of money. Her father would certainly beat her. Besudes, it was almost as cold at home as here, for they had only the roof to cover them, throught which the wind howled, although the largest holes had been stopped up with straw and rags.

Her little hands were almost frozen with the cold. Ah! Perhaps a burning match might be some good, if she could draw it from the bundle and strike it against the wall, just to warm her fingers.

She drew one out – “scratch!” how it sputtered as it burnt! It gave a warm, bright light, like a little candle, as she held her hand over it. It was really a wonderful light. It seemed to the little girl that she was sitting by a large iron stove, with polished brass feet and a brass ornament. How the fire burned! And seeme so beautifully warm that the child stretched our her feet as if to warm them, when, lo! The flame of the match went uot, the stove vanished, and she had only the remains of the half – burnt match in her hand.

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The Eight Planets In Our Solar System

03.07 |

The Eight Planets In Our Solar System

ur solar system is formed from many space things which revolve around the sun. One of them is a planet. There are eight planets in our solar system. They are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune since August 2006. Pluto is not a planet in our solar system. It caused by the criteria of a planet. Pluto does not have criteria as a planet. The planet are differenced based on their distance to the sun, since, rotatium, color and composition. The sun is the center of our solar system.

Mercury is the nearest planet from the sun. This planet is dry and hot.

Venus is the second planet from the sun. It is the brigtest and hottest planet.

Earth is a planet which has many oxygen and water. We live in this planet.

Mars is ussualy called the red planet. It caused by the dusts which blowed by the wind. In mars, there much carbon dioxigen (CO2), but less nitrogen, oxygen and water. The temperatures are too cold.

Jupiter is the largest planet. The atmosfer consists of hydrogen and helium.

Saturn is a beautiful planet, it is has three rings in it’s atmosfer. Saturn is the second largest planet after Jupiter. It’s atmosfer contains of hydrogen, helium, and less metana and ammonia.

Uranus has blue green color. It is cold in Uranus. It’s atmosfer consist of hydrogen, helium, and metana.

Neptune is dark oval, there are many white coulds in this planet. It’s atmosfer consist of hydrogen and helium.

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Contoh Kalimat Pasif

07.44 |

Contoh Kalimat Pasif

1)) Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

2)) Passive : They would be being met by him.

3)) Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

4)) Passive : They will have been being met by him

5)) Passive : They would be being met by him.

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Passive Voice

07.43 |

Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin

Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin

Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus

Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku

Catatan:

Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.

Contoh:

Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955

Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)

Contoh:

Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif

Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll

Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

To be yang digunakan

Present : is, am, are

Past : was, were

Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)

Future : be (setelah modals)

Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat

Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.

Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif

Jack sings a song (active)

A song is sung by Jack (Passive)

Jack sang a song yesterday (active)

A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)

Jack has sung a song (active)

A song has been sung by Jack (passive)

Jack will sing a song (active)

A song will be sung by Jack (passive)

Jack is singing a song (active)

A song is being sung by Jack (passive)

Jack can sing a song (active)

A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive

1) Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

Help the poor (active)

Let the poor be helped (passive)

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time

Rumus:

It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III

It is time to send the letter (active)

It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

Don�t wait for me (active)

You are advised not to wait for me (passive)

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception

Rumus

Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III

(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)

This food tastes delicious (active)

This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.

We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)

It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements

I consider her very pretty (active)

She is considered very pretty (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objects

He gave me a book (active)

A book was given to me by him (passive 1)

I was given a book by him (passive 2)

8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs

The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)

The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence

kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.

We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married

I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need

This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)

This wall needs painting.

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Contoh kalimat Aktif Voice

07.42 |

Contoh kalimat Aktif Voice

1)) The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indo nesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).

2)) Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).

3)) These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).

4)) English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA).

5)) There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).

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Kalimat aktif (active voice)

07.41 |

Kalimat aktif (active voice)

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Contoh :

» Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months

» Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months\

Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:

Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice

Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.

Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.

Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).

Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.

Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin a – o di bawah.

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

Contoh:

» Active : He meets them everyday.

» Passive : They are met by him everyday.

» Active : She waters this plant every two days.

» Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.

b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were

Contoh:

» Active : He met them yesterday

» Passive : They were met by him yesterday

» Active : She watered this plant this morning

» Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning

c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have,sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

Contoh:

» Active : He has met them

» Passive : They have been met by him

» Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.

» Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadihad been

Contoh:

» Active : He had met them before I came.

» Passive : They had been met by him before I came.

» Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here

» Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be

Contoh:

» Active : He will meet them tomorrow.

» Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.

» Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.

» Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

» Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week

» Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

Contoh:

» Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.

» Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

» Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.

» Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have,sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

Contoh:

» Active : He would have met them.

» Passive : They would have been met by him.

» Active : She would have watered this plant.

» Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.

h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

Contoh:

» Active : He is meeting them now.

» Passive : They are being met by him now.

» Active : She is watering this plant now.

» Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.

i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.

Contoh:

» Active : He was meeting them.

» Passive : They were being met by him.

» Active : She was watering this plant.

» Passive : This plant was being watered by her.

j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

Contoh:

» Active : He has been meeting them.

» Passive : They have been being met by him.

» Active : She has been watering this plant.

» Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.

k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.

Contoh:

» Active : He had been meeting them.

» Passive : They had been being met by him.

» Active : She had been watering this plant.

» Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.

l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.

Contoh:

» Active : He will be meeting them.

» Passive : They will be being met by him.

» Active : She will be watering this plant.

» Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.

m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.

Contoh:

» Active : He would be meeting them.

» Passive : They would be being met by him.

» Active : She would be watering this plant.

» Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.

Contoh:

» Active : He will have been meeting them.

» Passive : They will have been being met by him.

» Active : She will have been watering this plant.

» Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.

o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

Contoh:

» Active : He would be meeting them.

» Passive : They would be being met by him.

» Active : She would be watering this plant.

» Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.

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Tugas Artikel

The Little Match - Seller

The Eight Planets In Our Solar System

Contoh Kalimat Pasif

Passive Voice

Contoh kalimat Aktif Voice

Kalimat aktif (active voice)