Erika Sekti Putri Kinasih

          As a single mother of an autistic child, I have faced many difficulties. There were times when I was very depressed and could not help but question my destiny. However,I am completely sure that behind every hardship there is a lesson to be learned,and because of that it has made me a stronger and better person. I also learned
that I was not alone. I met many people who have been through the same kind of pain. I believe that when friends with the same problem stick together,they will strength.
          The world seemed to end when I learned that my only child,Ikhsan,had autism. I became aware that he was autistic because of the sympt0ms he sh0wed. First,his verbal intelligence was so low that he could not comprehend simple instructions like"Go get your shoes". Responding when his name was called was a difficulty for him. Sometimes I even thought he was deaf. Second, he was unreachable; he lived in his own world. He did not feel at ease communicating with people and always avoided eye contact. The fact that he did n0t kn0w h0w t0 express his feelings really made me struggle to get him to interact with other. He came to me only when he needed something-definitely n0t t0 interact with me. Third,he had an unusual concentrati0n span. It could be extremely long or unbelievably sh0rt. He could look at a certain sp0t f0r h0urs with0ut m0ving or saying anything but at other times,he also f0und it stressful t0 have t0 f0cus on one thing that was n0t t0 his liking.
           With high h0pes, I decided to put my s0n in a special sch0oL but many of the schools rejected him because his case was c0nsidered 'too severe'. Fortunately, I finally f0und a special school in Lebak Bulus with a very c0operative and understanding school administrat0r. In this school I met Aty Zafar, wh0se s0n, Farid, was also an autistic child. Aty was a nice pers0n, had a small figure and sh0rt hair. Her simple and practical way of dressing made me appr0ach her when we met f0r the first time. Talking to a friendly, p0Lite, fun and understanding w0man like her was really relaxing and c0mf0rtable. We had a long talk like tw0 long lost best friends wh0 had kn0wn each other f0r ages. Spending time with her was very encouraging. Aty Zafar was the kind of friend I really needed.
            I did n0t expect I w0uld meet s0meb0dy very special like Aty,wh0se remarkable acti0ns made me realize that I was n0t alone. She was always there t0 give me h0pe and a str0ng will t0 survive. We inspired and supp0rted each other by sharing everything we knew ab0ut autism. Alth0ugh,she was in Australia f0r three m0nths to have her autistic child treated,we kept in t0uch with emails and ph0ne calls to discuss the nitty-gritty of parenting an autistic child. Aty was so interested in autistic children that she dreamed of establishing a special school f0r them in Ind0nesia. unf0rtunately, life is often unpredictable. One day I g0t a call fr0m her husband.
"Ita,the d0ct0rs could not help Aty. She passed away ten minutes ag0," her husband t0Ld me. His frail v0ice was like lightning on a sunny day to me. The news was shattering and I trembled and felt helpless. I could n0t believe what I just heard and I was speechless. It was a sad thing to realize that Aty died of asthma.

            It was quite funny how many people are c0nfused because of our slightly similar names-Aty and Ita. Now that she was g0ne,n0b0dy w0uLd call me Aty anym0re. My best friend's death affected
me so much that I did n0t feel like doing anything, and as th0ugh I lost s0mething of myself. We always had the urge to talk to each other. For a while I was devastated. I felt so alone. I no longer had the energy n0r the will to fight for autistic children. Luckily, God sent me other friends. One of them was Adriana S. Ginanjar,or Ina. She g0t me to pursue Aty's dream-establishing a special school for autistic children. She even let us use her h0use f0r the school, which was finally established in February 2000 and named Mandiga (mandiri dan bahagia-independent and happy).
As a result, I have learned that t0getherness-being with other people who understand-helps us persevere. God creates differences am0ng people f0r a reas0n-to give us a chance to learn fr0m one an0ther. Taking care of an autistic s0n, I learned much ab0ut patience, friendship, t0getherness and surrendering to God. Life is ab0ut making ch0ices and living with the c0nsequences. H0wever, s0metimes we d0 n0t have as many ch0ices and as few c0nsequences as other people d0. Still, it is our duty to j0in hands and make our lives meaningful. We, as humans, must trust Him and He will help us be better pers0ns.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective clause,,,,
Adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjektiva. Seperti telah kita ketahui, adjektiva adalah kata yang menerangkan nomina. Jadi, adjective clause juga berfungsi demikian, yaitu memberi keterangan pada nomina.
Adjective clause adalah tanggungan klausul yang memodifikasi sebuah kata benda. Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat berikut untuk membentuk satu kalimat yang berisi Adjective clause :
>>The children are going to visit the museum.
>> They are on the bus.

>>The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum.


Dalam kalimat di atas, ada dua cara lain untuk menulis kalimat dengan benar menggunakan kalimat kedua sebagai Adjective clause :

>> The children that are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
>>The children on the bus are going to visit the museum.

Beberapa kalimat lain dapat dikombinasikan menjadi kalimat dengan menggunakan Adjective clause dalam berbagai cara, dan mereka semua benar. Perhatikan berbagai cara di mana dua kalimat berikut dapat dikombinasikan.

>> The church is old.
>>My grandparents were married there.

>>The church where my grandparents were married is old.

>>The church in which my grandparents were married is old.
>>The church which my grandparents were married in is old.
>>The church that my grandparents were married in is old.
>>The church my grandparents were married in is old.

Adjective clause dimulai dengan relative pronoun atau relative adverb.

Berikut ini beberapa contoh adjective clause:

Adjective clause dengan relative pronoun
Contoh:

>>The man who is sitting over there is my father.
>>The book which you bought yesterday is very interesting.
>>This is the place that I visited some years ago.
>> Mr. Bambang whose son is my friend is presenting a paper in a seminar.

Adjective clause dengan relative adverb
Contoh:

>> This is the reason why she did it.
>> The time when the plane takes off and lands will be changed soon.
>> Palembang is the place where I was born.

Dalam contoh-contoh di atas bisa kita lihat bahwa adjective clause tersebut menerangkan nomina yang ada di depannya (antecedent).
Misalnya:

>> Adjective clause who is sitting over there menerangkan nomina the man.
>>Adjective clause why she did it menerangkan nomina the reason.

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga Relative Clause yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun.
Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:
I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
Main Clause: I have read the book.
Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause
The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.
Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.
Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.




Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1>> Relative Pronoun

Kata Ganti Orang
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah :
Who, Whom, Whose, That
Fungsi :
a. Subjek:
- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work
b. Objek Kata Kerja:
- He paid the man whom/that he had hired.
c. Objek Kata Depan:
- He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.
d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:
- This is the girl whose picture you saw.
Benda, Binatang
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah:
Which, that
Fungsi:
a. Subjek:
- Here is a book which/that describes animals.
b. Objek Kata Kerja:
- The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.
c. Objek Kata Depan:
- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.




2>> Relative Adverbs


Waktu
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
- This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.

Tempat
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where
- Here is the house where I live.

Alasan
Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: why
- Give me one good reason why you did that.
Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.
- The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.
– The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you.
– The reason I came should be obvious to you.


When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which.
- The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
– The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.

Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.
The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one.
Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet
Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause
Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
Perhatikan Contoh berikut:
a. Adjective Clause
* The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.
==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
b. Adjective Phrase
* The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.
==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.
Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
(1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.
* Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.
* Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
* Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
* Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.

* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.
* Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
* Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
(2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
* Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
* Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
* Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
* Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan “sesuatu”.
* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini.
Ungkapan kuantitas dengan “of” antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.
* There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
–> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
* He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
–> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses
Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:
Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday.
Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.
Keterangan:
Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya.
Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam Adjective Clause.
Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could deliver speech well.
Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause
Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan.
Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.
Adjective Clause
I know the house where he lives.
(where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know)
Noun Clause
I know where he lives.
(where he lives adalah objek dari kata know)
Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun Clause.
Adjective Clause
The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.
(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).
Noun Clause
He gives money to whoever needs it.
(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang hanya bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause.
Cheers

Kinds of adverbial clauses
kind of clause
common conjunctions
function
example
time clauses
when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,til, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.[1]
These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.
Her father died when she was young.
conditional clauses
if, unless
These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses
in order to, so that, in order that
These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.
They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses
because, since, as, given
These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.
I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.
result clauses
so..that
These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.
My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses
although, though, while
These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.
I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now
place clauses
where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")
These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.
He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner
as, like, the way
These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.
I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them.
clauses of exclamation
what a(an), how, such, so
Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).
What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!